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- $Unique_ID{BRK04025}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Mutism, Elective}
- $Subject{Mutism, Elective EM Aphasia Pervasive Developmental Disorder Autism
- Developmental Expressive Language Disorder }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 654:
- Mutism, Elective
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Elective Mutism) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- EM
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Aphasia
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder
- Autism
- Developmental Expressive Language Disorder
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Elective Mutism is a rare psychiatric condition of childhood
- characterized by the refusal to speak in social situations. Ability to
- understand spoken language and to speak is usually not impaired. Excessive
- shyness, anxiety, depression, and controlling manipulative behavior may also
- occur.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Children with elective mutism most commonly refuse to speak at school, but
- usually talk normally at home. Less commonly, they refuse to speak in nearly
- all social situations. They may communicate by gestering, nodding their
- heads, or uttering sounds or one-syllable words.
-
- Elective mutes may be excessively shy, socially isolated and withdrawn.
- Clinging, anxious, and depressed behavior may also occur. They may refuse to
- go to school, throw temper tantrums, and be manipulative. They may also
- refuse to do, do the opposite of, or do something else when asked to perform
- task (negativism).
-
- Functioning in school and social situations may be impaired. Elective
- mutes commonly are compliant, reticent, and almost 'frozen' around strangers.
-
- In most cases this condition lasts only a few weeks or months; however, a
- few have continued for several years.
-
- Causes
-
- Particular personal and family characteristics may contribute to the
- appearance of Elective Mutism. Children can be susceptible to Elective
- Mutism if they have recently immigrated, been hospitalized or traumatized at
- a young age, been socially isolated, have an underlying language or speech
- disorder or problem, or are mentally retarded. Elective mutes may come from
- families that are extremely shy and reserved. The term 'elective' means that
- these children choose not to speak rather than becoming mute due to an
- underlying physical abnormality.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Elective Mutism usually occurs before age five; however, it may only become
- evident with entry into school. This disorder is slightly more common in
- females than in males.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Elective
- Mutism. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Delayed speech and language development can be signs of a nervous system
- abnormality, a thinking/learning (cognitive) difficulty, or a hearing
- problem. This delayed development can also be signs of emotional, social,
- family, or behavioral problems. The possibility of abnormalities of tracheal
- ('windpipe') and laryngeal ('voice box') function or oral-motor development
- should be investigated by a physician.
-
- Aphasia is a defect or loss of language function. Comprehension or
- expression of words is impaired as a result of injury to the language centers
- in the brain. The most common form of aphasia occurs in people who have had
- a stroke or head injury. However, it can also occur in children as a
- congenital disorder. The severity of the brain injury determines the extent
- of impairment. Severe damage may cause the patient not to understand any
- information related to language. Smaller injuries may cause selective
- language impairment.
-
- Pervasive Developmental Disorders comprise a group of uncommon
- psychiatric disorders characterized by impairment in social skills, in the
- development of verbal and nonverbal communication skills, and in imaginative
- activity. There may be delays in developing intellectual skills, language
- and speech, posture and movements. The severity and type of these
- impairments vary greatly from child to child. The most well-known Pervasive
- Developmental Disorder is Autism.
-
- Autism is a lifelong neurological disorder characterized by onset before
- 30 months of age, retarded development of communication and language, lack of
- normal response to people, and extreme sensitivity to changes in their
- environment. About 75% of Autistic children have lower than normal IQ's.
- Occasionally, a child shows distinct and unusual skills in music,
- mathematics, or in using spatial concepts. Children with Autism may have
- mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. Boys are affected four times more
- frequently than girls. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Autism" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Developmental Expressive Language Disorder is an uncommon disorder
- characterized by impairment in the development of expressive language.
- Language development is slow with speech beginning late and progressing
- slowly. Severe forms usually occur before age three. Less severe forms may
- not be evident until early adolescence.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Initially, children with Elective Mutism should undergo extensive medical
- evaluation to rule out other possible causes. The evaluation should include
- hearing tests to assure that the child is not deaf.
-
- Treatment of Elective Mutism consists of psychotherapy and behavior
- management. The therapies that may be effective in treating Elective Mutism
- are reinforcement conditioning, counter-conditioning, and shaping (successive
- approximations). Reinforcement conditioning consists of rewarding the
- patient when something has been done correctly. Counter-conditioning
- involves developing new behaviors that are not compatible with the
- undesirable behaviors. Shaping is a method for developing complex behaviors
- by progressively reinforcing simple behaviors that will eventually lead to
- the desired complex behavior. To maintain the positive changes that the
- Elective mute has learned through behavior modification, any family problems
- must be resolved.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April
- 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Elective Mutism, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Elective Mutism Support Group
- 99-52 - 66th Road, 1J
- Forest Hills, NY 11375
-
- NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20205
- (301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
- (800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
-
- National Mental Health Association
- 1021 Prince Street
- Alexandria, VA 22314
-
- National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
- 1901 N. Fort Meyer Dr., Suite 500
- Arlington, VA 22209
- (703) 524-7600
-
- National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
- 311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
- Philadelphia, PA 19107
- (215) 735-2481
-
- References
-
- DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3d.--Revised: R.L.
- Spitzer, et al., eds; American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Pp. 32-33, 38-
- 39, 45, 87-88.
-
- STRANGER REACTION AND ELECTIVE MUTISM IN YOUNG CHILDREN: M. Lesser-Katz;
- Am J Orthopsychiatry (July, 1986: issue 56(3)). Pp. 458-469.
-
- A COMPARISON OF ELECTIVE MUTISM AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: R.
- Wilkins; Br J Psychiatry (February, 1985: issue 146). Pp. 198-203.
-
- SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: D.C. Van Dyke, et al.; Am Fam
- Physician (May, 1984: issue 29(5)). Pp. 257-268.
-
-